Damages that occur during and after a major disaster can be categorized as Direct Damages, Indirect Losses, and Secondary Effects.
Direct Damages are damages incurred during a disaster, like the total or partial destruction of buildings, transportation facilities, dams, machinery and equipment, farms, etc. Thus direct damage is the physical, material destruction that occurs as a result of a disaster.
The expenditure on emergency roadside landslide repairs in Laos ranged between USD 3 and 5 million per year. This is equivalent to an average landslide expenditure of between USD 1,000 and 1,500 per kilometer of road per year.
In northern Thailand, many houses were destroyed by flash floods and landslides and the accompanying debris flow.
Landslides also have direct environmental costs. Environmental damage due to landslides in Laos included: loss of trees of commercial value, either for timber or other products; permanent loss of topsoil and nutrients; increased sediment in water-courses, affecting water supplies and fisheries downstream; changes to riverbeds, leading to altered flood patterns; reduction of the water storage capacity of reservoirs, etc.
Indirect Losses occur immediately after a disaster due to interruptions in normal business and may last from several days to several years. The most common example is of indirect losses due to roadside landslides is traffic suspension. The majority of landslides resulted in temporary partial or complete obstruction of short segments of road. These gave rise to several hours of delay to traffic. The economic losses associated with road closures are therefore predominantly related to the cost of lost time.
The effects of a major disaster on a country’s overall economy constitute Secondary Effects. These include changes in the gross domestic product, the trade balance and the balance of payments, the amount of debt and monetary reserves, the robustness of public finance, gross capital formation, the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, and changes in the level of household income.
In short, the total cost of landslides should include the costs of physical damages, costs of economic disruption brought about by temporary road closures, and any environmental, social, and economic costs brought about by landslides.
Direct Damages are damages incurred during a disaster, like the total or partial destruction of buildings, transportation facilities, dams, machinery and equipment, farms, etc. Thus direct damage is the physical, material destruction that occurs as a result of a disaster.
The expenditure on emergency roadside landslide repairs in Laos ranged between USD 3 and 5 million per year. This is equivalent to an average landslide expenditure of between USD 1,000 and 1,500 per kilometer of road per year.
In northern Thailand, many houses were destroyed by flash floods and landslides and the accompanying debris flow.
Landslides also have direct environmental costs. Environmental damage due to landslides in Laos included: loss of trees of commercial value, either for timber or other products; permanent loss of topsoil and nutrients; increased sediment in water-courses, affecting water supplies and fisheries downstream; changes to riverbeds, leading to altered flood patterns; reduction of the water storage capacity of reservoirs, etc.
Indirect Losses occur immediately after a disaster due to interruptions in normal business and may last from several days to several years. The most common example is of indirect losses due to roadside landslides is traffic suspension. The majority of landslides resulted in temporary partial or complete obstruction of short segments of road. These gave rise to several hours of delay to traffic. The economic losses associated with road closures are therefore predominantly related to the cost of lost time.
The effects of a major disaster on a country’s overall economy constitute Secondary Effects. These include changes in the gross domestic product, the trade balance and the balance of payments, the amount of debt and monetary reserves, the robustness of public finance, gross capital formation, the inflation rate, the unemployment rate, and changes in the level of household income.
In short, the total cost of landslides should include the costs of physical damages, costs of economic disruption brought about by temporary road closures, and any environmental, social, and economic costs brought about by landslides.
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